Exteriors

What is the TCNA Handbook detail for exterior tile application over a concrete substrate?

Method F101 and F102 are both used for exterior walkways. Typically, it is important to have better than 95% mortar contact between the tile and the substrate and for the thinset or mortar to be rated for exterior applications. The grout joints should be full, compacted, and preferably sealed with a vapor permeable sealer.

How do I tile over an exterior deck or balcony?

We are often asked about tiling exterior decks. The TCNA Handbook contains two details for decks, F103 (roof decks) and F104 (balcony decks). Additionally, many manufacturers of setting materials also make roof deck drainage systems. Often, these proprietary systems are highly modified versions of the F103 system, allowing precipitation to drain away from the tile.

There are no backerboard systems in the handbook for exterior decks; however, under some circumstances and with appropriate waterproofing, backerboard manufacturers may authorize such an installation. For details, you will need to speak with manufacturers directly as such methods tend to be highly product specific.

Many issues must be considered when tiling exterior environments:

1. The tiles must be rated by the manufacturer for exterior use. In addition to certain industry tests, such as freeze-thaw, crazing, and water absorption, the manufacturer also considers other properties of the clay body and how the tile was fired. Additionally, some manufacturers have proprietary testing protocols and field testing they use to further assess the suitability of tile for exteriors.
2. Satisfactory exterior installations must be able to drain water from the system before it gets a chance to absorb into either the tile or the layers below the tile. Since most tiles are water impermeable, the only water that can get into the system goes through the grout joints or through the substrate itself. The installation and the proper slope to drain will determine the extent to which the system saturates itself and in turn its ability to remain intact over time in freeze/thaw or high temperature environments.
3. The setting materials and substrate must also be appropriate for the exterior conditions present. Freeze/thaw resistant mortars and non-redispersible polymers are often necessary. Expansion joints must also be designed into the system to allow for the movement typical with large temperature variations and exposure to water.
4. The system must be able to accommodate wind and snow loading and other building movement. Commonly, exterior forces acting on the tile layer can be much greater than a comparable interior job. Accordingly, the installation must be suitably rigorous. Methods developed for interior installations are not necessarily appropriate for exterior installations.

Remember that exterior tile systems over inhabited space need a waterproof substrate below the tile. Without such, water will be able to penetrate below the tile layer and could cause damage. Even when tiling over areas not over inhabited space, serious consideration must be given to controlling where the water will go and how it will affect the tile and substrate.